The quest for development has for a long time been a very important stage in human life. /Type /Group /F1 20 0 R /Tabs /S /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] azA/u|,j[^#R"US&HwksN$} YVbh Create new revenue streams. Local revenue mobilization will be enhanced if local goverments and local /Length 5747 0000000532 00000 n
How would the tax system need to change with return-free filing? /Image95 78 0 R >> incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which In addition, to help gauge the likelihood and tenor of social acceptance prior to forging ahead with implementation, cities could consider conducting a citizen sentiment survey to understand how receptive residents might be to specific changes in fee structures and charges. It should also prepare reports on the performance of various initiatives and their respective owners or entities and update revenues studies based on changing market conditions. Local governments received about 32 percent of their general revenue from state government transfers (including indirect federal funds) and 4 percent directly from the federal government. xb```b``a`24(!" The challenge of local government financing in developing countries 9 0 obj
It is therefore recommended that these factors that affect administrative functions be addressed; staff salaries should be paid early; the little resources at hand should be utilized in building infrastructural facilities, and the constitutional laws and bye laws should be reviewed for proper understanding of local government autonomy, power and functions as the third tier of government. /XObject << How do state and local individual income taxes work? What is the difference between zero rating and exempting a good in the VAT? /Group << [/ICCBased 11 0 R]
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/XObject << How do taxes affect the economy in the short run? Fajobi, O. F. (2010). B)`g5(^S1,=ql&{YwEzLgH`g\zwnka
\ji2(-.$(ULd\y=fUgW +Oq^!PEcmht?&TV)nP-kqs+Y: Meanwhile, individual income taxes have also increased as a percentage of state and local general revenue, providing 10 percent in 1977 and 13 percent in 2019. What tax incentives exist to help families pay for college? 0000001743 00000 n
What are error rates for refundable credits and what causes them? And what is feasible to achieve? International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), pp. <>>>
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e-`w6w Tax as a financial charge, is the main source of revenue generation for any government.
Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. /Meta56 45 0 R How did the TCJA change the standard deduction and itemized deductions? /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] endobj What is the role of monetary policy in alleviating economic downturns? /Image8 18 0 R What is the tax treatment of college and university endowments?
In: Oloruntoba, S.O. Revenue generation: Its impact on government developmental effort (A study of selected local council in Kogi East senatorial district). Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in What have budget trends been over the short and long term? /Tabs /S How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed? The potential effect on electricity prices is discussed in the Additional Comments section below. Each time, the city brought in $7 million to $9 million in revenue. >> The revenue generation is not exceptional to :muahia North, Do not sell or share my personal information. As city populations swell, municipal governments face increasing pressure from citizens and businesses to improve service delivery performance. The share from intergovernmental transfers also fluctuated somewhat over time, falling from 43 percent of general revenue in 1977 to 36 percent in 2017. /Meta77 66 0 R Key 2022 Takeaways. %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. endstream
Fatile, J., Majekodunmi, A., Oni, A., & Adejuwon, D. (2013). By 2050, 68 percent of the global population will live in urban areas. Gordon, Tracy, Richard Auxier, and John Iselin. What is the TCJA base erosion and anti-abuse tax and how does it work? /StructParents 3 Eneanya, A. N. (2012). Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. Whats the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded retirement accounts? How do IRS audits affect low-income families? x\KF+BGPpF^H bCfz(a11mGVV_faw1^o|mew5t'7=^$MDDRYTR7*::'W{o7/jBl\~?vM/ And these sources tend to be far from optimized: local governments are often unaware of how to get more from existing sources and lack the resources to mount such efforts. Sales taxes (general and selective) provided local governments $124 billion (7 percent of general revenue) and individual income taxes accounted for $33 billion (2 percent). US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
endobj Once cities have identified their field of options, they must consider several questions before jumping into implementation: Which streams and interventions can generate the most revenues with a limited impact on stakeholders? << 0000001471 00000 n
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B#L2]\m The following steps provide a structured process for cities to determine a tailored and effective solution, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each city. What is return-free filing and how would it work? Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? /F2 21 0 R How did the TCJA change taxes of families with children? 9 0 obj - 185.64.219.103. Catawba Publishing Company. Who would qualify for return-free filing? Much of the change in local government revenue relative to the economy resulted from increasing and decreasing transfers from federal and state governments. << %
2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. >> Keywords: Local Government, Federalism, Revenue Allocation and Fiscal Federalism 1. Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). Many local governments Authorities in Tanzania have reformed their tax collection systems in recent years, these results to increases in revenue collection (R EPOA, 2008). /Group << Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit. >> /Contents 29 0 R
/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj /Font << State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments, Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate), Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments. /S /Transparency All other taxesincluding corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and business license taxesprovided $40 billion in revenue (2 percent). 7 At the same time, most states place restrictions on local property taxation, with limits that fall into three main types: rate limits, assessment limits, and levy limits. How do state and local property taxes work? What are the benefits of return-free filing? general sales taxes and gross receipts taxes, Coronavirus Response and Relief Supplemental Appropriations Act, federal funds for local transportation projects, Surveying State Leaders on the State of State Taxes, More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies, State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities, Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012, Governing with Tight Budgets; Long Term Trends in State Finances, Center on Labor, Human Services, and Population, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center, 8 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 2 percent from selective sales taxes on purchases such as, 3 percent from other taxes such as a locality'staxes onhotel bookingsandrestaurant meals.
Social acceptance. D$IOS|O+kJp> What are the options for taxing wealth transfers? In Los Angeles, for instance, developers can obtain an expedited engineering permit for a surcharge of 40 percent of the permits cost. What tax incentives exist for higher education? What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? /StructParents 0 /F2 21 0 R In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. /Meta59 53 0 R Bundle charges. What is the Medicare trust fund, and how is it financed? <]>>
Transfers for education programs account for over two-thirds of state government transfers to localities. A review of revenue generation in Nigeria local government: A case study of Ekiti State. What are itemized deductions and who claims them? In our experience, governments can capture significant valueup to 50 percent of potential additional revenuesby implementing measures linked to effectiveness such as enhancing collections and audit processes or better asset monetization. This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from tax. What was the experience with return-free filing in California?
State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments. What is a territorial tax and does the United States have one now? (2016). Two Decades in Effect: Volume-Based Waste Fee System in South Korea, Ministry of Environment, South Korea, January 2016. endstream
We also look into the future in an. 4 0 obj
These meetings serve as a way to monitor progress and enable proper implementation. /CS /DeviceRGB Rakson Nigeria Ltd. Okotoni, O. >> >> Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. A simulation of 8,760 h year-round was performed for the provincial market containing the integrated generation plant without energy storage. What are the tax benefits of homeownership? /Type /Page How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? 8
As such, federal transfers as a share of state general revenue will likely look different for these yearsbut Census has not yet published that data. Dubai instituted a knowledge dirham, a flat charge that applies to all government services. 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. /Image8 18 0 R Another 6percent of localgeneral revenue came from miscellaneous sources such as amounts received from the sale of property and interest from some investment securities. /Type /Group << endobj
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Part of Springer Nature. As a local government leader, you're pressed to keep up with the immediate needs of your community during the COVID-19 crisis.
How do taxes affect the economy in the long run? 1. What are the consequences of the new US international tax system? HyTSwoc
[5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? /CS /DeviceRGB /Contents 80 0 R Areas to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease of implementation. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] What is the tax treatment of charitable contributions? endobj How do flexible spending accounts for health care expenses work? <>
For cities and counties, property tax revenue makes up 61% of own-source tax revenuerevenue from taxes the local government leviesby far their largest tax source. /CS /DeviceRGB 14 0 obj
Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Local governments created with administrative and financial autonomy have two sources of revenue (internal and external) to promote development at the grassroot. In 2019 inflation adjusted-dollars, combined state and local general revenue increased from $1.2 trillion in 1977 to $3.5 trillion in 2019, or a 188 percent increase. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F1 82 0 R How did the TCJA affect the federal budget outlook? /Meta41 36 0 R /Type /Group Sarah Jindra, Chicagos ticket amnesty program begins today, WGN9, November 10, 2015, wgntv.com. Public sector revenue management is as managing government revenue in public sectors. These fines would promote environmentally responsible behavior as well as create a viable revenue stream for the city. "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel
}}Cq9 >> Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. This effect is the strongest in mostly rural and sparsely populated areas where lignite is mined and used for power generation. endobj
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Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. /ExtGState << How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? Assessing Fiscal Capacities of States: A Representative Revenue SystemRepresentative Expenditure System Approach, Fiscal Year 2012. On the other hand, if the state collects a tax imposed by local governments, the collection and distribution to the imposing local governments is treated as an agency transaction; that is, the receipts are reported entirely as tax revenue of the local governments and not as either a state tax or state intergovernmental expenditure. /ExtGState << /Parent 2 0 R On what do economists agree and disagree about the effects of taxes on economic growth? /CS /DeviceRGB Lucy Dadayan and Kim Rueben (2021), More Than Fines and Fees: Incorporating Equity into City Revenue Strategies Financing Local Governments: Exploiting the potential of local revenue Introduction Local governments are constitutionally empowered to control, regulate and also raise revenues from activities in their jurisdiction. >> By doing so, the people's interest would be geared towards giving their maximum support to the local government which would lead to the development of the rural area? Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. [/ICCBased 9 0 R]
What would and would not be taxed under a broad-based income tax? /Image8 18 0 R Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . / /Meta63 59 0 R /F7 42 0 R Ayodele, I. O., & Sunday, A. E. (2009). What are state balanced budget requirements and how do they work? These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center. International Journal of Arts and Humanities Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2(3), S/No. For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. The Local Government Act 462 of 1993 authorises and empowers the district assemblies to mobilise revenue in the form of rates, fees & fines, licences, rent, among others to help finance projects in their various areas of authority. share. trailer
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It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. How do state and local severance taxes work? /ExtGState << How does the current system of international taxation work? 0000003670 00000 n
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